Behold, even I have seen it, saith the LORD.

Sorry miguel, but you've failed to convince me yet again.
I'd rather read this..........

Game theory

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Not to be confused with Game studies.

This article is about the mathematical study of optimizing agents. For other uses, see Game theory (disambiguation).

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Game theory is included in the JEL classification codes:
JEL: C7

Game theory is a mathematical method for analyzing calculated circumstances, such as in games, where a person's success is based upon the choices of others. More formally, it is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers."[1] An alternative term suggested "as a more descriptive name for the discipline" is interactive decision theory.[2] Game theory is mainly used in economics, political science, and psychology, and other, more prescribed sciences, like logic or biology. The subject first addressed zero-sum games, such that one person's gains exactly equal net losses of the other participant(s). Today, however, game theory applies to a wide range of class relations, and has developed into an umbrella term for the logical side of science, to include both human and non-humans, like computers. Classic uses include a sense of balance in numerous games, where each person has found or developed a tactic that cannot successfully better his results, given the other approach.

Mathematical game theory had beginnings with some publications by Émile Borel, which led to his book Applications aux Jeux de Hasard. However, his results were limited, and the theory regarding the non-existence of blended-strategy equilibrium in two-player games was incorrect. Modern game theory began with the idea regarding the existence of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games and its proof by John von Neumann. Von Neumann's original proof used Brouwer's fixed-point theorem on continuous mappings into compact convex sets, which became a standard method in game theory and mathematical economics. His paper was followed by his 1944 book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, with Oskar Morgenstern, which considered cooperative games of several players. The second edition of this book provided an axiomatic theory of expected utility, which allowed mathematical statisticians and economists to treat decision-making under uncertainty.

This theory was developed extensively in the 1950s by many scholars. Game theory was later explicitly applied to biology in the 1970s, although similar developments go back at least as far as the 1930s. Game theory has been widely recognized as an important tool in many fields. Eight game-theorists have won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and John Maynard Smith was awarded the Crafoord Prize for his application of game theory to biology.

Contents
[hide] 1 History
2 Representation of games 2.1 Extensive form
2.2 Normal form
2.3 Characteristic function form
2.4 Partition function form

3 General and applied uses 3.1 Description and modeling
3.2 Prescriptive or normative analysis
3.3 Economics and business
3.4 Political science
3.5 Biology
3.6 Computer science and logic
3.7 Philosophy

4 Types of games 4.1 Cooperative or non-cooperative
4.2 Symmetric and asymmetric
4.3 Zero-sum and non-zero-sum
4.4 Simultaneous and sequential
4.5 Perfect information and imperfect information
4.6 Combinatorial games
4.7 Infinitely long games
4.8 Discrete and continuous games
4.9 Many-player and population games
4.10 Stochastic outcomes (and relation to other fields)
4.11 Metagames

5 See also
6 Notes
7 References and further reading 7.1 Textbooks and general references
7.2 Historically important texts
7.3 Other print references
7.4 Websites

[edit] History

John von Neumann
Early discussions of examples of two-person games occurred long before the rise of modern, mathematical game theory. The first known discussion of game theory occurred in a letter written by James Waldegrave in 1713. In this letter, Waldegrave provides a minimax mixed strategy solution to a two-person version of the card game le Her. James Madison made what we now recognize as a game-theoretic analysis of the ways states can be expected to behave under different systems of taxation.[3][4] In his 1838 Recherches sur les principes mathématiques de la théorie des richesses (Researches into the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth), Antoine Augustin Cournot considered a duopoly and presents a solution that is a restricted version of the Nash equilibrium.

The Danish mathematician Zeuthen proved that a mathematical model has a winning strategy by using Brouwer's fixed point theorem. In his 1938 book Applications aux Jeux de Hasard and earlier notes, Émile Borel proved a minimax theorem for two-person zero-sum matrix games only when the pay-off matrix was symmetric. Borel conjectured that non-existence of a mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games would occur, a conjecture that was proved false.

Game theory did not really exist as a unique field until John von Neumann published a paper in 1928.[5] Von Neumann's original proof used Brouwer's fixed-point theorem on continuous mappings into compact convex sets, which became a standard method in game theory and mathematical economics. His paper was followed by his 1944 book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, with Oskar Morgenstern, which considered cooperative games of several players. The second edition of this book provided an axiomatic theory of expected utility, which allowed mathematical statisticians and economists to treat decision-making under uncertainty. Von Neumann's work in game theory culminated in the 1944 book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior by von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern. This foundational work contains the method for finding mutually consistent solutions for two-person zero-sum games. During this time period, work on game theory was primarily focused on cooperative game theory, which analyzes optimal strategies for groups of individuals, presuming that they can enforce agreements between them about proper strategies.[6]

In 1950, the first discussion of the prisoner's dilemma appeared, and an experiment was undertaken on this game at the RAND corporation. Around this same time, John Nash developed a criterion for mutual consistency of players' strategies, known as Nash equilibrium, applicable to a wider variety of games than the criterion proposed by von Neumann and Morgenstern. This equilibrium is sufficiently general to allow for the analysis of non-cooperative games in addition to cooperative ones.

Game theory experienced a flurry of activity in the 1950s, during which time the concepts of the core, the extensive form game, fictitious play, repeated games, and the Shapley value were developed. In addition, the first applications of Game theory to philosophy and political science occurred during this time.

In 1965, Reinhard Selten introduced his solution concept of subgame perfect equilibria, which further refined the Nash equilibrium (later he would introduce trembling hand perfection as well). In 1967, John Harsanyi developed the concepts of complete information and Bayesian games. Nash, Selten and Harsanyi became Economics Nobel Laureates in 1994 for their contributions to economic game theory.

In the 1970s, game theory was extensively applied in biology, largely as a result of the work of John Maynard Smith and his evolutionarily stable strategy. In addition, the concepts of correlated equilibrium, trembling hand perfection, and common knowledge[7] were introduced and analyzed.

In 2005, game theorists Thomas Schelling and Robert Aumann followed Nash, Selten and Harsanyi as Nobel Laureates. Schelling worked on dynamic models, early examples of evolutionary game theory. Aumann contributed more to the equilibrium school, introducing an equilibrium coarsening, correlated equilibrium, and developing an extensive formal analysis of the assumption of common knowledge and of its consequences.

In 2007, Leonid Hurwicz, together with Eric Maskin and Roger Myerson, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory." Myerson's contributions include the notion of proper equilibrium, and an important graduate text: Game Theory, Analysis of Conflict (Myerson 1997). Hurwicz introduced and formalized the concept of incentive compatibility.

[edit] Representation of games

See also: List of games in game theory

The games studied in game theory are well-defined mathematical objects. A game consists of a set of players, a set of moves (or strategies) available to those players, and a specification of payoffs for each combination of strategies. Most cooperative games are presented in the characteristic function form, while the extensive and the normal forms are used to define noncooperative games.

[edit] Extensive form

Main article: Extensive form game

An extensive form game
The extensive form can be used to formalize games with a time sequencing of moves. Games here are played on trees (as pictured to the left). Here each vertex (or node) represents a point of choice for a player. The player is specified by a number listed by the vertex. The lines out of the vertex represent a possible action for that player. The payoffs are specified at the bottom of the tree. The extensive form can be viewed as a multi-player generalization of a decision tree. (Fudenberg & Tirole 1991, p. 67)

In the game pictured to the left, there are two players. Player 1 moves first and chooses either F or U. Player 2 sees Player 1's move and then chooses A or R. Suppose that Player 1 chooses U and then Player 2 chooses A, then Player 1 gets 8 and Player 2 gets 2.

The extensive form can also capture simultaneous-move games and games with imperfect information. To represent it, either a dotted line connects different vertices to represent them as being part of the same information set (i.e., the players do not know at which point they are), or a closed line is drawn around them. (See example in the imperfect information section.)

[edit] Normal form

Player 2
chooses Left

Player 2
chooses Right

Player 1
chooses Up

4, 3

–1, –1

Player 1
chooses Down

0, 0

3, 4

Normal form or payoff matrix of a 2-player, 2-strategy game

Main article: Normal-form game

The normal (or strategic form) game is usually represented by a matrix which shows the players, strategies, and payoffs (see the example to the right). More generally it can be represented by any function that associates a payoff for each player with every possible combination of actions. In the accompanying example there are two players; one chooses the row and the other chooses the column. Each player has two strategies, which are specified by the number of rows and the number of columns. The payoffs are provided in the interior. The first number is the payoff received by the row player (Player 1 in our example); the second is the payoff for the column player (Player 2 in our example). Suppose that Player 1 plays Up and that Player 2 plays Left. Then Player 1 gets a payoff of 4, and Player 2 gets 3.

When a game is presented in normal form, it is presumed that each player acts simultaneously or, at least, without knowing the actions of the other. If players have some information about the choices of other players, the game is usually presented in extensive form.

Every extensive-form game has an equivalent normal-form game, however the transformation to normal form may result in an exponential blowup in the size of the representation, making it computationally impractical. (Leyton-Brown & Shoham 2008, p. 35)

[edit] Characteristic function form

Main article: Cooperative game

In games that possess removable utility separate rewards are not given; rather, the characteristic function decides the payoff of each unity. The idea is that the unity that is 'empty', so to speak, does not receive a reward at all.

The origin of this form is to be found in John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern's book; when looking at these instances, they guessed that when a union C appears, it works against the fraction (N/C) as if two individuals were playing a normal game. The balanced payoff of C is a basic function. Although there are differing examples that help determine coalitional amounts from normal games, not all appear that in their function form can be derived from such.

Formally, a characteristic function is seen as: (N,v), where N represents the group of people and v:2^N-->R is a normal utility.

Such characteristic functions have expanded to describe games where there is no removable utility.

[edit] Partition function form

The characteristic function form ignores the possible externalities of coalition formation. In the partition function form the payoff of a coalition depends not only on its members, but also on the way the rest of the players are partitioned (Thrall & Lucas 1963).

[edit] General and applied uses

As a method of applied mathematics, game theory has been used to study a wide variety of human and animal behaviors. It was initially developed in economics to understand a large collection of economic behaviors, including behaviors of firms, markets, and consumers. The use of game theory in the social sciences has expanded, and game theory has been applied to political, sociological, and psychological behaviors as well.

Game-theoretic analysis was initially used to study animal behavior by Ronald Fisher in the 1930s (although even Charles Darwin makes a few informal game-theoretic statements). This work predates the name "game theory", but it shares many important features with this field. The developments in economics were later applied to biology largely by John Maynard Smith in his book Evolution and the Theory of Games.

In addition to being used to describe, predict, and explain behavior, game theory has also been used to develop theories of ethical or normative behavior and to prescribe such behavior.[8] In economics and philosophy, scholars have applied game theory to help in the understanding of good or proper behavior. Game-theoretic arguments of this type can be found as far back as Plato.[9]

[edit] Description and modeling

A three stage Centipede Game
The first known use is to describe and model how human populations behave. Some scholars believe that by finding the equilibria of games they can predict how actual human populations will behave when confronted with situations analogous to the game being studied. This particular view of game theory has come under recent criticism. First, it is criticized because the assumptions made by game theorists are often violated. Game theorists may assume players always act in a way to directly maximize their wins (the Homo economicus model), but in practice, human behavior often deviates from this model. Explanations of this phenomenon are many; irrationality, new models of deliberation, or even different motives (like that of altruism). Game theorists respond by comparing their assumptions to those used in physics. Thus while their assumptions do not always hold, they can treat game theory as a reasonable scientific ideal akin to the models used by physicists. However, additional criticism of this use of game theory has been levied because some experiments have demonstrated that individuals do not play equilibrium strategies. For instance, in the centipede game, guess 2/3 of the average game, and the dictator game, people regularly do not play Nash equilibria. There is an ongoing debate regarding the importance of these experiments.[10]

Alternatively, some authors claim that Nash equilibria do not provide predictions for human populations, but rather provide an explanation for why populations that play Nash equilibria remain in that state. However, the question of how populations reach those points remains open.

Some game theorists have turned to evolutionary game theory in order to resolve these issues. These models presume either no rationality or bounded rationality on the part of players. Despite the name, evolutionary game theory does not necessarily presume natural selection in the biological sense. Evolutionary game theory includes both biological as well as cultural evolution and also models of individual learning (for example, fictitious play dynamics).

[edit] Prescriptive or normative analysis

Cooperate

Defect

Cooperate

-1, -1

-10, 0

Defect

0, -10

-5, -5

The Prisoner's Dilemma

On the other hand, some scholars see game theory not as a predictive tool for the behavior of human beings, but as a suggestion for how people ought to behave. Since a Nash equilibrium of a game constitutes one's best response to the actions of the other players, playing a strategy that is part of a Nash equilibrium seems appropriate. However, this use for game theory has also come under criticism. First, in some cases it is appropriate to play a non-equilibrium strategy if one expects others to play non-equilibrium strategies as well. For an example, see Guess 2/3 of the average.

Second, the Prisoner's dilemma presents another potential counterexample. In the Prisoner's Dilemma, each player pursuing his own self-interest leads both players to be worse off than had they not pursued their own self-interests.

Have a nice day.
:D

DID YOU MISS ME?

The generation of vipers shall not escape the damnation of HELL.

Zion, January, 10^th 2012

As is the mother, so is her daughter.

Dear MSNBC and/or the Newsvine code of honor guardians, even to Turner and Sally and to Sally and Turner and all those great and small who represent these houses of press for that matter.

The reason I am writing to you today, is to ask you in a solemn and satisfactory manner to please reinstate my account at your news vine site on account of the spiritual importance of my work regardless attention or belief. YOU DO NOT HAVE TO DO IT BUT I AM KINDLY ASKING FOR IT. The choice is always yours. And this is the reason why I ask for it, whether you are initiated or not in the heavenly art of prophecy and revelation.

You have chosen to ban me or have suspended me from using my account in your MSNBC Newsvine site as a result of truth. In other words, you have chosen a plague of scarab scoundrels and mocking birds over the true rain to the vine. They are the ones you should have suspended and not me. If you just knew how they expressed themselves bout you after you suspended me. That alone should tell you the plague of terror you are dealing with. In any case, it was not the vine that chose me, but it was I who chose the vine to conduct the marvelous and strange work of the LORD as a special witness unto the truth.

My work may not be important or attractive to the masses, but it serves a higher purpose behind the scenes. It confesses boldly the sins of the people and the consequences thereof, both temporal and eternal, so that they are not suddenly taken by the devil and go into captivity in ignorance by an enemy that they never met. It is a social service of great import in view of the ignorance of many. And by shutting me down, you are yielding to terror, and asking for torment, for those scoundrels that I have mentioned who you have preferred to listen over me, who are indeed a plague to the vine do wish the heavens to be shut down so that there is no spiritual rain. Even though most do not care, there must be one soul here or there that is searching for what I have to offer. This in consequence, endangers the spiritual and temporal well being of the elderly, the youth and even the raising generation. And that will bring torment to a great many souls as a result of spiritual darkness. And they have made you and your house, that is MSNBC AND the NEWSVINE, an accessory to their wicked purpose whether they or you know it or not. For I know that the devil is whispering in their ears lies and deceptions, which they freely publish and in so doing they carry this people into captivity. For if your support their work you support them.

Now, if you knew who writes upon these walls or virtual portals, you would move out of the way indeed give complete clearance. My work is genuine, unedited, meaningful and full of purpose. I use my true and legal name and no pseudo names, for I am responsible before man and GOD for every word that proceeds from my hand. And everything I do, I ascribe it with proper authority to Jesus Christ, which is greater than mine. I am serious and I am not here to entertain or to play with fire.

You as representatives of journalism, are committing a greater crimes than what I may have done breaking your so called code of honor. Since when do serpents have honor? Are you going to shut me down because I call you serpents or the more subtle creatures that exists in nature? If you do, it is because you believe that you are or maybe you do not believe it. As far as I know, you are human beings not serpents. It is a true figurative speech; and as such you may or may not understand it. Nonetheless is the way of expression I utilize for myself in order to transact or rain ideas and knowledge from heaven in the world. This is the refreshment or the latter rain and yet you will not hear me. But if you shut me down, you have and are censoring the truth, infringing upon freedom of speech and obstructing divine justice. In other words, you are committing crimes against journalism; or you are eating your very own tail in a vicious cycle as a counterproductive snake. You are infringing upon the civil freedom and liberty civil of an American citizen who is expressing his beliefs and views with tested words on a public site that you use for gain or commercial purposes. Despite your so called codes of honor, what you have done is a violation of local and federal law. And if I can keep digging, you may also be committing discrimination on the basis of gender, race, and religious belief.

In any case, if you are bored, I think you should consider or pass my words to someone with more authority in your organization and who can have the intellect to considerer the gravity of your offenses. For I have no need to break your laws or codes, unless they are unrighteous, for I keep the laws of God, which are more strict and higher than the laws of men and even the laws of the land. That means that I am a law abiding citizen, who is minding his own business whose right is guaranteed by the laws of the land.

Now Tuner, I hope you have heard the proverb that says like father like son. I must turn my attention to you particularly and give you a portion of torment by making you and Sally responsible for what will shortly come to pass. And I will ascribe unto you the sins of all these scarabs, scoundrels and mocking birds that you have listened to. For of this it is written:

Behold, the days come, saith the Lord GOD, that I will send a famine in the land, not a famine of bread, nor a thirst for water, but of hearing the words of the LORD: And they shall wander from sea to sea, and from the north even to the east, they shall run to and fro to seek the word of the LORD, and shall not find it. In that day shall the fair virgins and young men faint for thirst. They that swear by the sin of Samaria, and say, Thy god, O Dan, liveth; and, The manner of Beer-sheba liveth; even they shall fall, and never rise up again.

And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the Lord GOD, that I will cause the sun to go down at noon, and I will darken the earth in the clear day: And I will turn your feasts into mourning, and all your songs into lamentation; and I will bring up sackcloth upon all loins, and baldness upon every head; and I will make it as the mourning of an only son, and the end thereof as a bitter day.

(Old Testament | Amos 8:9 - 14)

I am a witness of Jesus Christ and I am given liberty to ask and receive whatever I want from heaven, even to smite the earth with famine and plagues as often as I want it. And it will be granted. But, I wish no evil, for I am not totally exempt from suffering peril also, for the LORD is not a respecter of persons and not everyone in my family and my friends are obedient. This is why I preach repentance day and night, so that I am not compelled to ask for mischief when warranted. But the judgments usually come by the voice of the people and the desire in their hearts. And those scarab scoundrels want a famine. They represent the wickedness of the world you live in; and that is why I was concentrated in addressing them, so that they and not the people do suffer what the judgments of God approach us. Are you going to allow them to speak for you and drag you with them to woe and misery? Now of this it is also written:

And there were exceedingly many prophets among us. And the people were a stiffnecked people, hard to understand. And there was nothing save it was exceeding harshness, preaching and prophesying of wars, and contentions, and destructions, and continually reminding them of death, and the duration of eternity, and the judgments and the power of God, and all these things—stirring them up continually to keep them in the fear of the Lord.

I say there was nothing short of these things, and exceedingly great plainness of speech, would keep them from going down speedily to destruction. And after this manner do I write concerning them.

(Book of Mormon | Enos 1:22 - 23)

Now it is your turn, Sally, and as I said to turner, I hope you have heard the old proverb that says: As is the mother, so is her daughter, for I will judge you as women that break wedlock and shed blood are judged.

In other words I will compare you to Babylon. We in truth would have healed the world or Babylon from mischief with balm, from Gilead; yea, I am speaking about that great harlot that has spread corruption on the earth. And we are commanded to forsake her for her iniquity has reached up heaven. This is the fate that awaits her, for of her it is also written:

Babylon hath been a golden cup in the LORD's hand, that made all the earth drunken: the nations have drunken of her wine; therefore the nations are mad. Babylon is suddenly fallen and destroyed: howl for her; take balm for her pain, if so be she may be healed.

We would have healed Babylon, but she is not healed: forsake her, and let us go every one into his own country: for her judgment reacheth unto heaven, and is lifted up even to the skies.

The LORD hath brought forth our righteousness: come, and let us declare in Zion the work of the LORD our God.

Make bright the arrows; gather the shields: the LORD hath raised up the spirit of the kings of the Medes: for his device is against Babylon, to destroy it; because it is the vengeance of the LORD, the vengeance of his temple.

Set up the standard upon the walls of Babylon, make the watch strong, set up the watchmen, prepare the ambushes: for the LORD hath both devised and done that which he spake against the inhabitants of Babylon.

O thou that dwellest upon many waters, abundant in treasures, thine end is come, and the measure of thy covetousness. The LORD of hosts hath sworn by himself, saying, Surely I will fill thee with men, as with caterpillers; and they shall lift up a shout against thee. He hath made the earth by his power, he hath established the world by his wisdom, and hath stretched out the heaven by his understanding. When he uttereth his voice, there is a multitude of waters in the heavens; and he causeth the vapours to ascend from the ends of the earth: he maketh lightnings with rain, and bringeth forth the wind out of his treasures. Every man is brutish by his knowledge; every founder is confounded by the graven image: for his molten image is falsehood, and there is no breath in them. They are vanity, the work of errors: in the time of their visitation they shall perish.

(Old Testament | Jeremiah 51:7 - 18)

Wherefore, O harlot, hear the word of the LORD: Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thy filthiness was poured out, and thy nakedness discovered through thy whoredoms with thy lovers, and with all the idols of thy abominations, and by the blood of thy children, which thou didst give unto them; Behold, therefore I will gather all thy lovers, with whom thou hast taken pleasure, and all them that thou hast loved, with all them that thou hast hated; I will even gather them round about against thee, and will discover thy nakedness unto them, that they may see all thy nakedness. And I will judge thee, as women that break wedlock and shed blood are judged; and I will give thee blood in fury and jealousy. And I will also give thee into their hand, and they shall throw down thine eminent place, and shall break down thy high places: they shall strip thee also of thy clothes, and shall take thy fair jewels, and leave thee naked and bare.

They shall also bring up a company against thee, and they shall stone thee with stones, and thrust thee through with their swords. And they shall burn thine houses with fire, and execute judgments upon thee in the sight of many women: and I will cause thee to cease from playing the harlot, and thou also shalt give no hire any more. So will I make my fury toward thee to rest, and my jealousy shall depart from thee, and I will be quiet, and will be no more angry. Because thou hast not remembered the days of thy youth, but hast fretted me in all these things; behold, therefore I also will recompense thy way upon thine head, saith the Lord GOD: and thou shalt not commit this lewdness above all thine abominations. Behold, every one that useth proverbs shall use this proverb against thee, saying, As is the mother, so is her daughter.

(Old Testament | Ezekiel 16:35 - 44)

And another angel shall sound his trump, saying: That great church, the mother of abominations, that made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication, that persecuteth the saints of God, that shed their blood—she who sitteth upon many waters, and upon the islands of the sea—behold, she is the tares of the earth; she is bound in bundles; her bands are made strong, no man can loose them; therefore, she is ready to be burned. And he shall sound his trump both long and loud, and all nations shall hear it. And there shall be silence in heaven for the space of half an hour; and immediately after shall the curtain of heaven be unfolded, as a scroll is unfolded after it is rolled up, and the face of the Lord shall be unveiled;

(Doctrine and Covenants | Section 88:94 - 95)

Therefore, oh inhabitants of the earth, fear God and give Glory to him, for the hour of his judgment is come. These words have come through inspiration so that you know what awaits you as individuals, as a nation and as a world. I was not expecting to begin my work so soon, but it has come as a result of your own actions. In other words, you have unleashed a sequence of events that in the due time of the LORD will bring about the next apocalypse. For the law and the testimony has already been sealed even with blood.

Now therefore be ye not mockers, lest your bands be made strong: for I have heard from the Lord GOD of hosts a consumption, even determined upon the whole earth. Give ye ear, and hear my voice; hearken, and hear my speech. Doth the plowman plow all day to sow? doth he open and break the clods of his ground? When he hath made plain the face thereof, doth he not cast abroad the fitches, and scatter the cummin, and cast in the principal wheat and the appointed barley and the rie in their place? For his God doth instruct him to discretion, and doth teach him. For the fitches are not threshed with a threshing instrument, neither is a cart wheel turned about upon the cummin; but the fitches are beaten out with a staff, and the cummin with a rod. Bread corn is bruised; because he will not ever be threshing it, nor break it with the wheel of his cart, nor bruise it with his horsemen.

This also cometh forth from the LORD of hosts, which is wonderful in counsel, and excellent in working.

(Old Testament | Isaiah 28:22 - 29)

And these things I do not say of myself, but as the LORD has spoken, he shall also fulfill, and I do what I do, with a single eye for the honor and glory of God, with proper authority and in the Holy Name of Jesus Christ, amen.

Attentively, yours, an unworthy servant in the hands of Christ

Miguel Angel Tinoco Rodriguez

And I saw another angel fly in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting gospel to preach unto them that dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred, and tongue, and people, Saying with a loud voice, Fear God, and give glory to him; for the hour of his judgment is come: and worship him that made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters. And there followed another angel, saying, Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city, because she made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication.

(New Testament | Revelation 14:6 - 8)

January 10, 2012

Now Fatty, I guess you could not take the heat. For commenting the truth on you site you reported me so I could be suspended. Indeed the truth hurts the wicked soul and it pierces it to the center. How many blasphemies and trivial things, lies and deceptions, evil speaking, slandering and sarcasm have you not published and also said in my site and have I silenced you or rejected you without a proper warning? Have I trespassed against you taking away your freedom of expression in the least? Nay but I have been longsuffering regardless of you impudence. NOW you and your friends who suppot you in your vain words have brought an irreversible curse upon yourself, for you now you see that I cannot be restrained and come and go in the power of the LORD for he has commanded me. But I now must keep silence for you are all unworthy of my presence. Fare well.

Now I restore the comment I wrote in your site and which you of yourself cannot erase unless you go again behind the scenes like a coward. It matter not to me. I have concluded my errand and you and some other already know about it. Bye, Bye.

Your comment:

You are dead wrong, fatty327, in your views, in your assumption and in your thoughts. It is vain wishful and perverted thinking of yours. You are eating too many Twinkies and are given into fables.

Not only was this country intended to be or inspired after sound Christian values but the whole continent whether you like it or not is destined to be ruled by Jesus Christ alone, for he is more particularly the GOD of these lands. And all who live in it must serve him or be swept off when there are rip in iniquity in his wrath. And the day will shortly come to pass when the whole continent will only be known as Zion, which is a more consolidated form of the word UNITED SATES. But these truth you willfuly ignore, for you have turned your face away from the truth as a result of iniquity.

Let me assure you and all those that may give heed to these words, that many have known these truths way before America came to be the nation of nations, others knew it during inception or at the national convention when the US constitution was framed. And some of us knew it a little later. You, will never know it for a lying spirit is in possession of your whole soul. Here is the word of God himself concerning it. For the spirit of GOD is the spirit of liberty and where that spirit dwells there is freedom. Here are at least three or four distinct testimonies of ancient and standing records that support my claims against your filthy words. you cannot hide your sins from GOD. And this is how angels fire at filthy souls.

Now the Lord is that Spirit: and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty.

(New Testament | 2 Corinthians 3:17)

And now it came to pass that when Moroni, who was the chief commander of the armies of the Nephites, had heard of these dissensions, he was angry with Amalickiah. And it came to pass that he rent his coat; and he took a piece thereof, and wrote upon it—In memory of our God, our religion, and freedom, and our peace, our wives, and our children—and he fastened it upon the end of a pole. And he fastened on his head–plate, and his breastplate, and his shields, and girded on his armor about his loins; and he took the pole, which had on the end thereof his rent coat, (and he called it the title of liberty) and he bowed himself to the earth, and he prayed mightily unto his God for the blessings of liberty to rest upon his brethren, so long as there should a band of Christians remain to possess the land— For thus were all the true believers of Christ, who belonged to the church of God, called by those who did not belong to the church. And those who did belong to the church were faithful; yea, all those who were true believers in Christ took upon them, gladly, the name of Christ, or Christians as they were called, because of their belief in Christ who should come. And therefore, at this time, Moroni prayed that the cause of the Christians, and the freedom of the land might be favored. And it came to pass that when he had poured out his soul to God, he named all the land which was south of the land Desolation, yea, and in fine, all the land, both on the north and on the south—A chosen land, and the land of liberty.

(Book of Mormon | Alma 46:11 - 17)

And the Lord would not suffer that they should stop beyond the sea in the wilderness, but he would that they should come forth even unto the land of promise, which was choice above all other lands, which the Lord God had preserved for a righteous people. And he had sworn in his wrath unto the brother of Jared, that whoso should possess this land of promise, from that time henceforth and forever, should serve him, the true and only God, or they should be swept off when the fulness of his wrath should come upon them. And now, we can behold the decrees of God concerning this land, that it is a land of promise; and whatsoever nation shall possess it shall serve God, or they shall be swept off when the fulness of his wrath shall come upon them. And the fulness of his wrath cometh upon them when they are ripened in iniquity. For behold, this is a land which is choice above all other lands; wherefore he that doth possess it shall serve God or shall be swept off; for it is the everlasting decree of God. And it is not until the fulness of iniquity among the children of the land, that they are swept off. And this cometh unto you, O ye Gentiles, that ye may know the decrees of God—that ye may repent, and not continue in your iniquities until the fulness come, that ye may not bring down the fulness of the wrath of God upon you as the inhabitants of the land have hitherto done. Behold, this is a choice land, and whatsoever nation shall possess it shall be free from bondage, and from captivity, and from all other nations under heaven, if they will but serve the God of the land, who is Jesus Christ, who hath been manifested by the things which we have written.

(Book of Mormon | Ether 2:7 - 12)

And again I say unto you, those who have been scattered by their enemies, it is my will that they should continue to importune for redress, and redemption, by the hands of those who are placed as rulers and are in authority over you—According to the laws and constitution of the people, which I have suffered to be established, and should be maintained for the rights and protection of all flesh, according to just and holy principles; That every man may act in doctrine and principle pertaining to futurity, according to the moral agency which I have given unto him, that every man may be accountable for his own sins in the day of judgment. Therefore, it is not right that any man should be in bondage one to another. And for this purpose have I established the Constitution of this land, by the hands of wise men whom I raised up unto this very purpose, and redeemed the land by the shedding of blood.

(Doctrine and Covenants | Section 101:76 - 80)

"The 5,000 Year Leap," a treatise that assembles selective quotations and groundless assertions to claim that the U.S. Constitution is rooted not in the Enlightenment bu

zeugirboR oconiT legnA leugiM

Yeah, that was a real brain teaser.

WOOF! - so sayeth the DOGma

Don't worry - he'll be back - you just can't get rid of a bad penny that easily...we need amusement